{"id":5141,"date":"2026-01-20T17:46:19","date_gmt":"2026-01-20T12:16:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/?page_id=5141"},"modified":"2026-01-20T17:46:22","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T12:16:22","slug":"cost-of-kidney-transplant","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/cost-of-medical-treatment\/organ-transplant-cost\/cost-of-kidney-transplant\/","title":{"rendered":"Cost of Kidney Transplant"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cost of Kidney Transplant in India: Procedure, Treatment Expenses, and Global Comparison<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> has become a critical consideration for patients suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A kidney transplant is often the most effective and life-saving treatment for individuals whose kidneys have permanently lost function. While dialysis can manage symptoms temporarily, transplantation offers a significantly better quality of life, longer survival, and improved overall health outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Globally, kidney transplantation is one of the most expensive medical procedures due to the complexity of surgery, long-term care requirements, and post-transplant medications. However, the Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> is substantially lower than in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Singapore. With world-class transplant centers, highly experienced nephrologists and transplant surgeons, advanced infrastructure, and internationally recognized safety standards, India has emerged as a preferred destination for affordable and successful kidney transplantation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

2. What Is a Kidney Transplant and How Does It Work?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong>, it is important to understand the procedure itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A kidney transplant involves surgically placing a healthy kidney from a living or deceased donor into a patient whose kidneys no longer function adequately. The transplanted kidney performs essential functions such as filtering waste, balancing electrolytes, and regulating blood pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are two main types of kidney transplants:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Living donor kidney transplant<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Deceased donor kidney transplant<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    In most cases, the transplanted kidney is placed in the lower abdomen, and the patient\u2019s diseased kidneys are left in place unless medically necessary to remove them. Due to advanced surgical techniques and post-operative care, success rates in India are comparable to leading global transplant centers, while the Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    3. Factors Affecting the Cost of Kidney Transplant in India<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Several medical, logistical, and institutional factors influence the Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3.1 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Living donor transplants are generally less expensive than deceased donor transplants, directly affecting the Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3.2 Pre-Transplant Evaluation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Extensive diagnostic tests for both donor and recipient influence the overall cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3.3 Hospital Infrastructure<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Accredited transplant centers with advanced ICUs may have higher charges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3.4 Surgeon and Transplant Team Expertise<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Highly experienced transplant surgeons contribute to better outcomes and affect the Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3.5 Length of Hospital Stay<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Longer ICU or hospital stays can increase costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    3.6 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Immunosuppressive drugs are essential and contribute to long-term expenses beyond the initial Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    4. Types of Kidney Transplant and Cost of Kidney Transplant in India<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    India offers multiple kidney transplant options using globally accepted protocols. Below is a detailed breakdown of the Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    4.1 Living Donor Kidney Transplant<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    This is the most common form of kidney transplantation in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cost of kidney transplant in India:<\/strong>
    $12,000 \u2013 $13,500<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    This includes surgery, hospitalization, ICU care, and immediate post-operative management.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    4.2 Deceased Donor Kidney Transplant<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Performed when a suitable living donor is unavailable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cost of kidney transplant in India:<\/strong>
    $14,000 \u2013 $16,000<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Costs may vary based on donor availability and waiting time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    4.3 ABO-Incompatible Kidney Transplant<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Used when donor and recipient blood groups are incompatible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cost of kidney transplant in India:<\/strong>
    $16,000 \u2013 $18,000<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Additional immunological treatments increase the overall Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4.4 Paired Kidney Exchange Transplant<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Two donor-recipient pairs exchange kidneys for compatibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cost of kidney transplant in India:<\/strong>
    $15,000 \u2013 $22,000<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    This method increases transplant success rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    4.5 High-Risk or Complex Kidney Transplant<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    For patients with multiple comorbidities or previous transplant failure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cost of kidney transplant in India:<\/strong>
    $20,000 \u2013 $25,000<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Advanced monitoring and prolonged care contribute to higher costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    5. Summary Table: Cost of Kidney Transplant in India<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Type of Kidney Transplant<\/strong><\/td>Cost of Kidney Transplant in India (USD)<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
    Living Donor Transplant<\/td>$12,000 \u2013 $13,500<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b<\/td><\/tr>
    Deceased Donor Transplant<\/td>$14,000 \u2013 $16,000<\/td>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631<\/td><\/tr>
    ABO-Incompatible Transplant<\/td>$16,000 \u2013 $18,000<\/td>Advanced immunotherapy<\/td><\/tr>
    Paired Exchange Transplant<\/td>$15,000 \u2013 $22,000<\/td>Improved compatibility<\/td><\/tr>
    High-Risk Transplant<\/td>$20,000 \u2013 $25,000<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n

    6. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong>, \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Pre-transplant diagnostic tests<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • HLA typing and cross-matching<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Treatment of post-transplant complications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Despite these additional expenses, the Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> remains significantly lower than global averages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      7. Why the Cost of Kidney Transplant in India Is Lower<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> is driven by several factors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      7.1 Lower Healthcare Operational Costs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Hospital infrastructure and staffing costs are optimized without compromising quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      7.2 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Indian transplant centers perform a large number of kidney transplants annually, improving efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      7.3 Availability of Generic Medicines<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Affordable immunosuppressive drugs significantly reduce long-term costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      7.4 Strong Medical Tourism Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Hospitals offer bundled transplant packages for international patients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      8. Global Comparison of Kidney Transplant Costs<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0650\u0651\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      8.1 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/strong><\/td>\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
      Living Donor Transplant<\/td>$12,000 \u2013 $13,500<\/td>$250,000 \u2013 $350,000<\/td>$120,000 \u2013 $200,000<\/td>$140,000 \u2013 $220,000<\/td>$160,000 \u2013 $280,000<\/td>India 80\u201390% cheaper<\/td><\/tr>
      Deceased Donor Transplant<\/td>$14,000 \u2013 $16,000<\/td>$300,000 \u2013 $450,000<\/td>$150,000 \u2013 $250,000<\/td>$160,000 \u2013 $260,000<\/td>$180,000 \u2013 $300,000<\/td>Includes long hospitalization<\/td><\/tr>
      ABO-Incompatible Transplant<\/td>$16,000 \u2013 $18,000<\/td>$350,000 \u2013 $500,000<\/td>$200,000 \u2013 $320,000<\/td>$220,000 \u2013 $350,000<\/td>$250,000 \u2013 $380,000<\/td>Highly complex<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      \n\n\n\n

      9. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> is affordable, patients can further reduce expenses through:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Government renal care schemes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Hospital-based installment plans<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • NGO and charitable funding support<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        These options make the Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> accessible to patients worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n\n\n\n

        10. Planning a Kidney Transplant in India<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong>, \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        1. \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0639<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. Complete donor evaluation early<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        3. Request a detailed cost breakdown<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        4. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u064a \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        5. Plan post-transplant follow-up and medication costs<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
          \n\n\n\n

          11. \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u0625\u0646 Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> offers an exceptional balance of affordability, clinical excellence, and long-term success. With advanced transplant technology, experienced medical teams, and significantly lower costs than Western countries, India has become one of the world\u2019s most trusted destinations for kidney transplantation. Patients receive high-quality care, excellent outcomes, and comprehensive support throughout their transplant journey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n\n\n\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n
          \t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tQ1: What is the average Cost of kidney transplant in India?<\/strong><\/span><\/div>

          \u0625\u0646 Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 $12,000 to $30,000<\/strong>, depending on transplant type.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

          \t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tQ2: Is kidney transplant safe in India?<\/strong><\/span><\/div>

          Yes, India has internationally accredited hospitals with success rates comparable to global standards.<\/p><\/div><\/div>

          \t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\tQ3: How much cheaper is kidney transplant in India compared to the USA?<\/strong><\/span><\/div>

          \u0625\u0646 Cost of kidney transplant in India<\/strong> \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 80\u201390% lower<\/strong> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Cost of Kidney Transplant in India: Procedure, Treatment Expenses, and Global Comparison Cost of kidney transplant in India has become […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":5139,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5141","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Home of Healthcare","author_link":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/author\/treatmentspots\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Cost of Kidney Transplant in India: Procedure, Treatment Expenses, and Global Comparison Cost of kidney transplant in India has become […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5141","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5141"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5141\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5142,"href":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5141\/revisions\/5142"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5139"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hoh.care\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5141"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}